RAKEZ Free Zone Company Setup

A UAE company you fully own, established in Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ) and built around how you actually plan to operate. That is exactly what CSG Advisory delivers. We help you find the right licence and activities, register your company, secure your office address, arrange residence visas and Emirates IDs, get your corporate bank account ready and keep you compliant with VAT and tax rules. You get one partner for every step, with zero loose ends. So, are you ready to set up a company in RAKEZ Free Zone? Start the conversation today, and CSG Advisory will take it from there.

Company Incorporation in RAKEZ Free Zone: What Investors Should Know Before Registering

Ras Al Khaimah is the fourth-largest emirate in the UAE, and its economy is growing at a steady pace. Alongside a well-established industrial sector, the emirate is experiencing robust growth in tourism, real estate, pharmaceuticals and artificial intelligence. At the same time, ongoing development initiatives and continued investment in modern infrastructure reflect a strong commitment to long-term growth. As one of the most business-friendly free zones in the UAE, RAKEZ Free Zone gives startups, SMEs and international companies an affordable way to enter the UAE, the Middle East and global markets.

In addition to competitive prices and diverse business services, the emirate offers a clear set of regulations, an easy visa process and a digital platform to complete your RAKEZ company registration remotely. For business owners, this offers a stable and future-ready base to launch and grow their business. Although choosing RAKEZ Free Zone company incorporation is a smart first move, what matters most is how well your company is structured to support its operations and growth.

Ras Al Khaimah business and industrial landscape
RAKEZ Free Zone company setup

RAKEZ business setup involves much more than submitting an application, and this is where CSG Advisory makes the difference. Our business setup consultants in RAKEZ Free Zone treat your business as a long-term venture, not just an application to process. This involves assessing your business activities, growth plans and future requirements before beginning the business registration process. With that clarity in place, we take control of the whole company formation process and keep it moving with RAKEZ on your behalf.

The result? You remain updated and in control throughout the process, without having to navigate complicated procedures yourself. The most important thing to note is that our role does not end once you get your licence. As your company starts operating, CSG Advisory remains on your side to support it through accounting, tax, HR and payroll, etc. This ensures that the business you set up today stays organized, compliant and ready for its next stage of growth.

RAKEZ Free Zone Business Setup Benefits

The free zone gives your business real advantages from the moment you register a company in RAKEZ. These benefits make it easier to set up your company, manage daily operations and expand your business in the UAE.

Strong Global Connectivity

RAKEZ sits close to Ras Al Khaimah International Airport and within easy reach of Dubai, with quick access to major ports and highways. As a result, import, export and logistics businesses can access markets across the Middle East, South Asia, Africa and Europe efficiently.

Budget-Friendly Setup

RAKEZ free zone company registration is popular for its affordable licence packages, which makes it a practical option for startups and small businesses. Its dual licence option also allows you to operate in the Ras Al Khaimah mainland without the need to establish a second company. This saves you both time and money.

Quick Digital Registration

Thanks to the free zone's online portal and minimal paperwork, you can complete most of the RAKEZ free zone business digitally. Once you submit all the documents, you will most probably get your licence issued within 2-3 business days, which is much faster than many mainland setups.

Workspace for Every Stage

From flexi-desks and shared offices to executive suites, warehouses and leasable commercial land, RAKEZ offers modern facilities for every type of business. This makes it easier for you to choose a workspace that suits your current budget and conveniently upgrade to a larger space as your business grows.

Tax-Efficient Structure

Companies that qualify as a Qualifying Free Zone Person can benefit from 0% corporate tax on qualifying income, while other taxable profits exceeding AED 375,000 are taxed at 9%. Since there is no personal income tax either, you can retain more of your earnings.

Unrestricted Fund Transfers

There are no currency restrictions on RAKEZ companies, which means you can repatriate your profits and capital freely. This flexibility makes it easier to manage cash flow, handle international payments and run your business globally, while also benefiting from Ras Al Khaimah's investor-friendly policies.

Explore the Specialized Zones Within RAKEZ

RAKEZ is not a single location; it is a network of specialized areas, each designed for different types of businesses. The type of business you run helps determine the right free zone for you, which in turn affects the facilities, logistics and infrastructure available to your company. That is why it is important to choose the right area before you begin with company registration in RAKEZ free zone. CSG Advisory helps you make this choice with your long-term operations in mind.

Al Hamra Business Zone

Suitable for consultancies, trading and service companies and growing SMEs. Located between Ras Al Khaimah's city centre and the neighbouring emirates, this zone offers easy access to local customers as well as wider regional markets.

Al Hamra Industrial Zone

Designed for light and heavy industries, this zone offers modern infrastructure for production and industrial activities. It is open to both free zone and non-free zone entities, which gives manufacturers more flexibility to manage their operations.

Al Ghail Industrial Zone

Medium and large manufacturers can access spacious land plots and production facilities in this zone that are designed to meet their specific needs. Just like Al Hamra Industrial Zone, it is open to both free zone and non-free zone companies looking to expand.

RAKEZ Academic Zone

Dedicated to the education sector, this zone accommodates international schools, universities, training providers and academic consultancies. It gives educational institutions a suitable environment to establish their operations and grow their programmes.

Al Nakheel Business Zone

A popular option for freelancers and small businesses who prefer to keep the costs low. Its business centres and co-working spaces are ideal for lean teams looking for a professional base without heavy overheads.

Al Hulaila Industrial Zone

Built for heavy industry and large-scale projects, this zone supports major manufacturing activities, including businesses that combine production with research and development. It provides the infrastructure and support services needed to run these operations efficiently.

Who Should Choose Company Setup in RAKEZ Free Zone

The right free zone depends on the nature of your business and where it is headed. These are the businesses that RAKEZ Free Zone business registration is especially well suited to, along with what makes it a good fit for each:

Startups & First-Time Founders

Affordable packages and a fully remote registration process make RAKEZ an easy place to launch a business. You can test your idea in the UAE without making a big initial investment upfront.

Growing SMEs

If your business is ready for its next step, company setup in RAKEZ free zone lets you start in a flexi-desk or shared office and upgrade into larger premises as your business grows and your team expands.

Traders & Import-Export Firms

With major ports, highways and Ras Al Khaimah International Airport close by, RAKEZ is ideal for businesses involved in cross-border trade and requiring reliable logistics to ensure smooth operations of their supply chains.

Manufacturers & Industrial Players

Business setup in RAKEZ Free Zone offers warehouses, industrial facilities and commercial land for lease, which gives production, assembly and storage businesses the space they need to operate, all within a free zone known for its well-established industrial sector.

International Companies

Established businesses and international investors looking to enter the Middle East can use RAKEZ as an affordable regional hub, with easy access to markets across South Asia, Africa and Europe.

Investors in Growth Sectors

Ras Al Khaimah's leading markets include AI, tourism, real estate and pharmaceuticals. If your company operates in one of these industries, RAKEZ puts you right where demand is growing.

Spotted Your Profile? Take the Next Step into RAKEZ Today

Now that you know that this free zone in the UAE suits your business, let CSG Advisory handle RAKEZ free zone incorporation for you, so you can spend your time building the business instead of managing paperwork.

Compare Your Legal Entity Options in RAKEZ

Starting your own business, partnering with others or looking to expand an existing company? RAKEZ Free Zone UAE has a structure for each of these situations. Compare the options below, and leave the final choice to CSG Advisory's team, who will help you understand the differences and find the one that makes the most sense for your business plans.

Free Zone Limited Liability Company (FZ-LLC)

Best suited for: Partnerships, joint ventures and businesses with two or more shareholders

What this structure allows:

  • Between 2 and 50 shareholders under one company
  • 100% foreign ownership across a wide range of commercial activities
  • A separate legal identity, with each shareholder's personal assets protected from business liabilities

Points to consider:

  • All shareholders must provide identity and supporting documents during business registration in RAKEZ free zone
  • Any changes to the company's shareholding later on must be approved by RAKEZ and reflected in the updated documents of the company

Free Zone Establishment (FZE)

Best suited for: Solo founders and businesses owned by a single individual or company

What this structure allows:

  • 100% ownership by one shareholder, either an individual or a corporate entity
  • A straightforward process with faster decision-making, since there are no co-owners to consult
  • Liability limited to the amount of capital invested in the company

Points to consider:

  • If the shareholder is a company, its incorporation documents must be properly attested
  • If you decide to add a partner later, you will need to convert the FZE into an FZ-LLC

Branch of a Foreign Company

Best suited for: Companies based outside the UAE looking to establish a presence in RAKEZ without forming a new company

What this structure allows:

  • A RAKEZ base that operates as an extension of the overseas parent company
  • Use of the parent company's existing name and brand identity
  • Access to RAKEZ's free zone advantages without registering a separate legal entity

Points to consider:

  • Documents of the parent company must be legalized for use in the UAE
  • The parent company is fully liable for the debts and obligations of the branch

Branch of a UAE Company

Best suited for: Businesses that are already licensed in another emirate or UAE free zone that want to expand into RAKEZ

What this structure allows:

  • Expansion into Ras Al Khaimah under your existing UAE company
  • The same legal identity, name and management as the parent business
  • Growth without setting up and maintaining a brand-new company

Points to consider:

  • The trade licence of the parent company must remain valid for the branch to operate
  • The branch can only carry out activities that match the licence of the parent company

Permitted Business Activities in RAKEZ by Industry

Your chosen business activity influences more than just the details listed on your licence. It also determines the facility you need, the approvals you must obtain and, in some cases, the qualifications your manager must hold. The sectors below show what RAKEZ allows, and CSG Advisory makes sure your activity is listed correctly:

Trading & Import-Export

Trading, wholesale, distribution and import-export companies can run their business in RAKEZ with a well-defined product range, provided their product range is covered by the relevant licence.

Construction & Building Materials

Companies trading in building materials, construction equipment, tools and industrial supplies can register under RAKEZ's construction-related activities. This makes it a practical base for suppliers serving contractors, builders and development projects.

E-Commerce & Online Business

Online sellers and digital commerce brands can set up company in RAKEZ under e-commerce activities. A clear plan for product flow, payment options and banking makes the business setup in RAKEZ Free Zone process much smoother.

Media & Education

RAKEZ also offers dedicated media and educational licence categories, which give content, communication and learning-focused businesses a recognized way to operate. Your exact activities are confirmed against the approved list during company incorporation in RAKEZ Free Zone.

Manufacturing & Industrial

Businesses engaged in manufacturing, assembly, processing or industrial services can register company in RAKEZ, provided they choose a facility that suits their operations and obtain the necessary approvals for their activities.

Warehousing & Logistics

Storage, distribution and logistics coordination businesses can operate from RAKEZ's warehouse facilities. These activities are ideal for companies that manage inventory, handle regional deliveries or support the supply chains of other businesses.

Professional & Technical Services

Consultancies, advisory firms, training providers and engineering companies can operate under service activities. Some professions, like accounting or architectural consultancy, require the manager to hold a relevant degree attested by the UAE Embassy.

Food, Consumer Goods & FMCG

Businesses dealing in packaged products, consumer goods and FMCG distribution can operate from RAKEZ. However, approval will depend on the products involved, their storage requirements and any compliance rules specific to the industry.

Match Your Business to the Right Licence in RAKEZ Free Zone

Your licence type defines what your company can legally do, which approvals it needs and even how banks assess the application for your company's bank account. A mismatch between your licence and your actual operations can lead to rejections and weeks of delay. The licence options below explain what each one covers and the type of business it is designed for:

Commercial Licence

Built for businesses that trade goods, this licence covers import, export, distribution and storage. You can add up to five activities from the same group, or two activities from different groups, on one licence.

Industrial Licence

This licence is granted to manufacturers and processors to run production facilities and handle activities like assembly and packaging, along with importing and exporting related goods. Up to two activities from the same group are allowed.

E-Commerce Licence

This licence is designed for businesses that sell through digital platforms and do not have physical stores. Online retailers, digital marketplaces, SaaS companies and subscription-based businesses can all operate under it with a recognized UAE presence.

Educational Licence

Schools, training centres, education consultancies, course providers and higher education institutions can apply for this licence. However, it is only available to businesses based within the dedicated RAKEZ Academic Zone.

Freelancer Permit

Independent professionals in media, education, IT and analytics can work legally in RAKEZ without forming a company. This permit allows you to operate as an individual professional, which makes it suitable for developers, market analysts and journalists.

General Trading Licence

If you plan to trade in multiple unrelated product categories, this licence allows you to cover them under a single registration. It suits multi-product traders building wider import and export networks.

Service Licence

Most knowledge-based businesses fall here, including management consultancy, IT, marketing, financial advisory, engineering and logistics coordination. You can combine two activities from any group, but commercial activities require a separate licence.

Media Licence

Advertising agencies, production companies and content creators can operate under this licence. It covers a wide range of traditional and digital media activities, including publishing, broadcasting, content creation and marketing.

Individual/Professional Licence

This single-owner licence is linked to one specific professional activity. It is ideal for practitioners who want to work under their own name rather than a company brand, while still holding a formal RAKEZ licence.

Dual Licence

With this licence, your RAKEZ Free Zone company can also conduct its operations in the Ras Al Khaimah mainland without registering a second legal entity. It makes expansion simple for businesses that want to serve clients in both the free zone and the local market.

Not sure which RAKEZ Free Zone licence covers your plans? RAKEZ company setup consultants at CSG Advisory study your business model, the products or services you will be offering and how you plan to run your business. We then recommend the right RAKEZ licence before submitting your application, so your company is licensed correctly from the start.

Meeting the RAKEZ Company Registration Criteria, Step by Step

A company registration application in RAKEZ only moves forward when its basics are settled. Your activity, structure, people, name and address all need to be in place, and getting them sorted in the right sequence saves you from going back and forth later. Here are the key steps and requirements to prepare before you start with company formation in RAKEZ Free Zone:

Approved Business Activity

Everything starts with deciding what your company will do. You must select your activity from RAKEZ's approved list, as it determines your licence type, the facility you need and any additional approvals your business may require.

Suitable Legal Structure

Once you are clear about your business activity, you must choose a legal structure that matches your ownership plans. This will determine the number of shareholders your company can have and how liability is shared among its owners.

Shareholders, Directors and Managers

You must identify everyone who will own or run the company. That is because RAKEZ demands complete details of all shareholders, directors and managers, so the role of each individual in the business is clearly defined from the outset.

Approved Trade Name

Your company also requires a trade name that RAKEZ approves and reserves. The name must avoid offensive or inappropriate wording and anything that conflicts with UAE public policies and values.

Registered Business Address

All RAKEZ Free Zone companies are required to have an official address within the free zone. Depending on your budget and operational needs, this can be a flexi-desk or a leased physical space like an office or a warehouse.

Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) Declaration

Your company must declare its Ultimate Beneficial Owner. This is particularly relevant if you appoint a nominee shareholder or director, as it clearly clarifies who truly owns and controls the business.

You do not have to sort through these criteria and requirements on your own. CSG Advisory's company setup consultants in RAKEZ Free Zone are here to settle each requirement with you in sequence, so your company is ready for approval the moment your application is filed.

Paperwork Requirements for RAKEZ Free Zone Company Incorporation

Your documents are what turn your plans into a formal RAKEZ application. Because the documents required for company registration in RAKEZ change with your ownership setup, the checklist below is grouped by applicant type, so you can see what you need at a glance:

For Every Application

  • Completed application form
  • Memorandum and Articles of Association (MOA and AOA)
  • Business plan highlighting your company profile and goals
  • Proof of registered address, such as a lease or flexi-desk agreement
  • Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) declaration, especially where a nominee shareholder or director is appointed

For Individual Shareholders, Directors and Managers

For Corporate Shareholders

Passport copies Trade licence of the parent company
Passport-sized photographs MOA and AOA
UAE visa copy or entry stamp Certificate of Incorporation
No Objection Certificate (NOC), where applicable Power of Attorney
Board resolution approving the setup
Passport copy of the authorized signatory

For Branches of Foreign or UAE Companies

  • The same parent company documents listed for corporate shareholders
  • Passport copies of the directors and managers of the branch
  • UAE residence visa or entry stamp, if applicable

From working out which documents apply to your structure to drafting your MOA, coordinating attestations and submitting the complete file to RAKEZ, CSG Advisory's company setup services in RAKEZ Free Zone take the paperwork off your desk. You only have to review and sign the documents, while our RAKEZ company formation consultant checks that nothing is missing or outdated and helps prevent your application from being sent back.

Your Path to a Licensed Business in RAKEZ, Managed by CSG Advisory

Once you decide to set up in RAKEZ, there is a lot to coordinate: licences, documents, approvals, visas and banking. Here is how CSG Advisory handles each stage for you and what you can expect as your company takes shape.

1

Understanding Your Business

Our team starts by understanding what you are going to sell, offer or produce. Based on this, we select activities from RAKEZ's approved list and confirm the licence type your company needs, whether commercial, industrial, service or another category.

2

Structure & Package Planning

Next, we recommend the legal structure that best suits your ownership and a licence package that fits your goals. This includes your visa eligibility and the right premises, whether a flexi-desk, furnished office, warehouse or land for development.

3

Securing Your Trade Name

CSG Advisory helps you shortlist three name options and check each against RAKEZ naming rules and UAE laws. We make sure that the company name is unique and not identical or similar to an existing company, and reserve it once approved.

4

Drafting Company Documents

Our team drafts and notarizes your Memorandum and Articles of Association. These will give your business a clear legal foundation, as they will outline how your company will operate, the responsibilities of each member and how key decisions will be made.

5

Filing Your Application

CSG Advisory completes the application forms accurately and compiles your supporting documents, including ID and address proofs and your business plan. We then submit the full file to RAKEZ, mostly online, after checking the documents to avoid delays caused by errors.

6

Registration & Trade Licence

RAKEZ reviews and verifies your application, and we follow up until the authorities issue your registration certificate and trade licence. Where your activity needs industry-specific approvals, we help you obtain them too. You then receive your licence, registration set and bank letter.

7

Residence Visa Processing

With your licence in hand, CSG Advisory starts your residence visa applications based on your package's visa eligibility. We also manage all the paperwork and schedule appointments for your medical test and biometrics, so you only need to attend them as scheduled.

8

Corporate Bank Account

Finally, we use your bank letter and company documents to prepare a strong corporate bank account application. Our team helps you choose a suitable UAE bank and guides you through its review, so you can finally start trading and managing finances.

Your Compliance Obligations After RAKEZ Free Zone Business Setup

Running a RAKEZ company comes with a few responsibilities that do not end at registration. Meeting them on time protects your licence, your bank relationships and your ability to keep trading. Here are the requirements that you must keep on your radar:

Trade Licence Renewal

Renew your licence before it expires to avoid late fees and maintain the legal status of your company.

UBO Declaration

Submit your Ultimate Beneficial Owner declaration within 60 days of RAKEZ company incorporation.

Ownership Changes

Notify RAKEZ within 15 days of any change in the ownership of your company.

Financial Records

Maintain proper accounts and prepare annual financial statements, including balance sheets, income statements and expense reports.

Tax Returns

File your corporate tax returns within the required deadlines to avoid penalties.

It is easy to miss deadlines when you are busy growing a business. As part of our company registration services in RAKEZ Free Zone, CSG Advisory monitors each one on your behalf and takes care of the filings, renewals and records, so staying compliant never pulls your focus away from running the business.

Why International Founders Put Their RAKEZ Business Setup in Our Hands

Your company formation in RAKEZ Free Zone deserves more than a form-filling service. At CSG Advisory, we focus on the things that make the process easier for you and stronger for your business. Here are the reasons global founders trust our RAKEZ Free Zone company registration services:

Professionalism You Can Trust

Our consultants have a thorough understanding of RAKEZ rules, so the guidance you receive is accurate the first time. All company registration applications leave our desk complete and consistent, which means fewer questions from the authority and fewer delays for you.

A Global Footprint

RAKEZ may be just one piece of your bigger business expansion plan. With experience in company formation across 50+ jurisdictions, CSG Advisory can shape your UAE entity so it fits neatly alongside your operations in other countries.

Competitive, Honest Pricing

We offer RAKEZ company formation services at fair market rates and prepare your quote based on your specific setup requirements. Our company registration experts clearly outline all the charges for each part of your setup, so you can review the full cost breakdown and plan your investment with clarity.

Privacy Comes First

Company registration in RAKEZ Free Zone involves handing over passports, shareholding details and financial records. At CSG Advisory, that information stays on a strict need-to-know basis and is used only to get your company registered and keep it compliant.

Progress You Can See

We always keep you updated on the status of your application, so you always know what is going to happen next and what we need from you. That visibility and communication, combined with an organized process, keep your RAKEZ company setup process on track and avoid unnecessary delays.

Partners for the Long Run

Our RAKEZ Free Zone company setup services extend beyond getting your licence issued. If you later need to add shareholders, apply for more visas or expand into new markets, CSG Advisory can help you manage these changes as your business grows. This means you can return to people who already understand your business and nothing starts from a blank page.

Start Your RAKEZ Company Setup with a Clear Plan

Your registered company in RAKEZ is closer than you think, and the right team is already here. The next move is a quick call that puts your setup in motion. Reach out to CSG Advisory, and let our business registration services in RAKEZ Free Zone get your company licensed and ready to launch.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

About Business Registration in RAKEZ Free Zone

What facilities and amenities are available in RAKEZ?

RAKEZ provides a full range of amenities designed to support your daily business operations. These include business centres, meeting and conference rooms, reception and mail handling, high-speed internet and telecommunications and courier services. Companies in RAKEZ Free Zone also benefit from logistics and customs support, banking facilities, security, maintenance, parking, prayer rooms and food and retail outlets.

Are foreign investors allowed to open company in RAKEZ Free Zone?

Absolutely. RAKEZ Free Zone business registration is open to entrepreneurs from any country, and you do not need a UAE national as a sponsor or partner. You can fully own your company and transfer your profits and capital back to your home country, subject to applicable regulations.

Combined with the UAE's tax-friendly framework and business-friendly environment, these benefits make RAKEZ an attractive choice for international founders to set up their company and expand locally.

Can I start a business in RAKEZ Free Zone without travelling to the UAE?

For the most part, yes. With our business setup services in RAKEZ Free Zone, you can complete much of the registration process remotely and secure your licence from your home country. However, you will need to visit the UAE later for residence visa steps, such as the medical test and biometrics, and often to open your corporate bank account.

Are any business activities restricted in RAKEZ?

Yes. RAKEZ does not allow activities that pose serious risks to the environment, safety or security. These include processing of nuclear materials, handling internationally restricted chemicals, unauthorized defence manufacturing, hazardous waste treatment without proper controls, severely polluting operations, activities against national security and products that infringe intellectual property rights.

Before you start with RAKEZ Free Zone company formation services, CSG Advisory checks whether the free zone permits your proposed business activity and helps you understand any relevant restrictions.

What is the RAKEZ Free Zone company setup cost?

There is no fixed cost of setting up a company in RAKEZ Free Zone, as the final amount depends on your licence type, business activity, legal structure, facility, visa needs and renewal terms.

An advertised RAKEZ Free Zone company setup package may not always reflect the full first-year cost, and annual renewals usually cost about the same as setup. Share your requirements with CSG Advisory for an accurate RAKEZ Free Zone company formation cost before you commit.

How long does the RAKEZ business setup take?

In most cases, with our company formation services in RAKEZ Free Zone, you get your licence within 3-7 working days, provided your documents are complete and accurate. Trade name approval usually takes 24 to 48 hours, while drafting documents and filing the application take a few more days.

Opening a corporate bank account is the longest stage, which typically takes 2-4 weeks. Please note that the overall timeline may vary depending on your business activity and whether any additional approvals are required.

How much corporate tax does a RAKEZ Free Zone company pay?

The tax you pay depends on the profits of your company and whether it qualifies for free zone tax benefits. Under the UAE's standard corporate tax rules, taxable profits up to AED 375,000 (about USD 102,000) are taxed at 0%, and anything above this amount is taxed at 9%. If your company qualifies as a Qualifying Free Zone Person, it can pay 0% tax on qualifying income and 9% on non-qualifying income.

Which VAT rate applies to RAKEZ companies?

The UAE's standard VAT rate is 5%, which applies to most goods and services. However, there are some supplies that are zero-rated, including exports to countries outside the GCC, international transport, investment-grade gold and silver, the first supply of newly built residential properties and certain healthcare goods. These are charged at 0% but still reported in VAT returns.

Can a RAKEZ company do business with mainland UAE customers?

Yes, there are many ways to do it. You can apply for a RAKEZ dual licence, which allows your company to operate in the Ras Al Khaimah mainland. Alternatively, you can work with a local agent or representative, or open a mainland branch of your free zone company.

Do not worry if you are unsure about which route to take. As part of our RAKEZ Free Zone incorporation services, we will guide you through the available options and help you decide how to extend your business operations beyond RAKEZ.